Digital technologies, robotics, and other AI devices in the provision of culturally competent spiritual care

Historically, the intersection of technology and spirituality, known, for example, as digital religion or techno-spirituality, explored the interplay between faith and technology, facilitating new rituals and online spiritual practices. From websites and phone apps to robots, the role of digital technologies in spiritual and religious contexts has been incredibly expanding. The 2020 pandemic amplified this shift, accelerating digitalisation in spiritual care to overcome barriers such as physical distancing and healthcare resource limitations. Socially assistive robots (SARs), including humanoid robots like Grace and pet robots like Paro, emerged as potential caregivers, addressing isolation and providing emotional support during the pandemic. Despite their promise, these technologies face ethical challenges, including questions about empathy and authenticity in human-robot interactions. The pandemic underscored the need for advanced SARs capable of delivering culturally sensitive, compassionate care. Reflecting on these shifts, this chapter highlights the transformative role of technology in culturally competent spiritual care, emphasising the need for a balanced integration of human presence and technological innovation. While promising, these developments also necessitate critical ethical and cultural considerations to ensure technology enhances, rather than diminishes, the depth and authenticity of spiritual experiences.